The term was originally coined in the early 20th century by psychologist Alfred Adler, who believed the complex to be a way of hiding low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, or not feeling good enough. “Superiority complexes usually are defense mechanisms that come from deep personal insecurities, shame, and feelings of being inadequate in some way. Because shame is such a distressing and uncomfortable emotion, a person may use their defenses to hide these feelings from others, deny them in themselves, and avoid having to experience them,” Shafir explains. Notably, a superiority complex is not a clinical mental health diagnosis, but it can theoretically be treated through therapy, according to Sterlin Mosley, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Human Relations at the University of Oklahoma. “Grandiosity about some skills or talents is normal, especially if we really are good at them. But believing oneself to be superior because of increased skill or talent can be an indication of growing narcissism,” Mosley says. “For those with superiority complexes, normal annoyance or yearning for recognition devolve into cantankerous criticism or tirades at worst or biting arrogance toward those who don’t recognize them as great at best,” Mosley says. “For example, a woman may become convinced that she deserves a promotion at work over her more productive co-workers because she is more beautiful or intelligent than her co-workers (despite her co-workers having produced more measurable results in recent projects),” he adds. “For example, a child [may] experience trauma relating to their ability to draw well, and other kids or caretakers laugh at the child’s artistic skills. While some children may deal with this through retreating into themselves, another child may develop an inflated sense of themselves to compensate for feelings of inferiority,” Mosley tells mbg. This person may have also grown up in a home where their parents showed favoritism or had a “golden child,” who was showered with validation and praise in exchange for achievements. Their superiority complex, therefore, becomes a way of giving themselves the validation that’s been withheld. “Superiority complex refers to the feeling of superiority or ‘being better’ than others and having an inflated self-worth, whereas inferiority complex is the feeling of worthlessness or ‘being inferior’ to others. While the former is overly confident, the latter tends to doubt their abilities,” Maurya says. Additionally, someone dealing with a superiority complex may hide feelings of low self-esteem and self-worth, while an inferiority complex might hide ambition and aspirations as the person attempts to hide their achievements. Brian Wind, Ph.D., clinical psychologist and chief clinical officer of Journey Pure, says the theory of individual psychology dictates that we all are working hard to improve our skills and achieve more to overcome inherent feelings of inferiority so that we can be successful in our own eyes. “Hence, a superiority complex can be a reaction to our failure to meet our own expectations, so we don’t feel like failures. On the other hand, an inferiority complex may be always modest or downplay their achievements. They may actually have high aspirations for themselves but potentially fear that they may not achieve them. So, they downplay what they have achieved to lower people’s expectations of them,” he explains. “All narcissists will mostly have an inflated self-worth, but every person with a superiority complex will not have narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissists do not value anybody, always belittle others, lack empathy, and want to be liked by everyone,” Maurya says. “They can seem similar because they can throw tantrums and show aggression.” It’s worth noting that a “superiority complex is not a diagnosis in and of itself, and theoretically can be treated through therapy and a willingness to examine the roots and consequences of the behaviors and attitudes causing impairment,” according to Mosley. On the other hand, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) can be diagnosed, and it’s more deeply entrenched and difficult to treat because the person is often unconvinced that there is a problem that needs to be treated. “A superiority complex can be the precursor to an NPD diagnosis if left untreated (but not always). However, trauma, extenuating stressors, or even sudden success or notoriety can trigger superiority to bloom into full-fledged narcissism,” he adds. “Remembering that the person must be feeling terrible pain in the moment that they are behaving obnoxiously, or when they’re being boastful or dismissive. It may be difficult to employ empathy, particularly if you’re in their line of fire, but it helps give those suffering from a superiority flare-up accurate positive mirroring,” Mosley says. While exercising patience and showing empathy, try not to feed into their grandiose visions of themselves. Instead, tell them something they are truly good at while balancing it with something that may be more accurate about their performance or skill. If they’ve become abusive, hurtful, or vitriolic, tell them that they’re being unkind or arrogant. It is also immensely helpful to help them recognize their weaknesses in such a way that it doesn’t tear down their self-esteem but rather shows them areas they can work on so they can become more highly regarded by those around them. If you have concerns or more questions, it could be worth discussing it further with a professional. And as you do so, remember that your personality isn’t unchangeable, and you are more than your struggles.
