Emotional abuse can look like a lot of things, but according to relationship therapist Ken Page, LCSW, it can be defined as anything devaluing, demeaning, or neglectful to another person’s feelings or experiences, “which leaves them feeling less-than, ashamed, incapable, and not valuable.” And as psychiatrist Anna Yusim, M.D., previously explained to mbg, emotional abuse often goes hand in hand with verbal abuse, which encompasses the use of words in an attempt to control, manipulate, or harm another. According to licensed marriage and family therapist Rachel Zar, LMFT, CST, that unpredictable behavior also leads children to feel like they’re walking on eggshells in their own home. “Everything can be fine and everyone’s got a smile on their face, and then you hit one land mine and everything blows up,” she explains. To have bids ignored constantly, Page says, causes a lot of pain over time. As psychologist and micro-trauma expert Margaret Crastnopol, Ph.D., previously explained to mbg, “By shortening or postponing contact, spreading it out, or minimizing its original importance, the one stepping back from contact inflicts micro-trauma by undercutting the other person psychologically.” Parents are certainly not immune to gaslighting their children, and as therapist Aki Rosenberg, LMFT, previously told mbg, “Gaslighting at its core is always about self-preservation and the maintenance of power/control—namely, the power/control to construct a narrative that keeps the gaslighter in the ‘right’ and [the other person] in the ‘wrong.’” (Here’s our full guide to gaslighting parents.) Although emotional incest does not involve direct sexual touch, he explains, “these emotional enmeshment relationships have a sexualized undertone, with the parent expressing overly graphic interest in the child’s physical development and sexual characteristics or betraying the child’s boundaries through invasions of privacy, sexualized conversations, and the like.” Taking a look at the research, one paper published in the Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences2 concluded that psychological abuse is tied to a variety of problems, including but not limited to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, personality disorders, low self-esteem, aggression, emotional unresponsiveness, and neuroticism. As Page explains, children with emotionally abusive parents may suppress themselves, or alternatively, act out on their feelings and impulses. He also notes that as humans, we mirror what was done to us if we haven’t processed it. “And that’s why the Buddhists say when you heal a family lineage wound like this, you heal seven generations past and seven generations future,” he says. And when children replicate these behaviors, either in the form of negative self-talk or lashing out at others in the way their parents lashed out at them, they’re carrying on that family chain. “It keeps the experience of emotional abuse alive in your body, in your heart—because when you talk to yourself that way, your body takes it as truth. And so you are actually replicating the pain of the abuse you experienced in your childhood,” Page explains. Then, of course, we have to consider that these children grow up into adults with their own relationships to tend to. And if the emotional abuse they endured hasn’t been dealt with, according to Page, this is when we see things like anxious attachment or avoidant attachment styles, problems with trust and intimacy, and so forth. Adults with emotionally abusive parents may even go on to mirror those same patterns with their own children, as well. It’s inevitable that at one point or another, parents are going to unintentionally harm their children emotionally, he explains. They key, however, is parents recognizing when it’s happening, listening to their children, and making adjustments. “Your child is going to tell you ways you’re hurting them, and if it doesn’t happen, that’s actually really bad,” Page explains. “Our job as parents is to turn ourselves inside out and shift character traits that we know are hurting our child. This takes tremendous bravery, but it’s also tremendously empowering to the child when they tell you what you’re doing is hurting them. And you listen, and you really try to change—that’s the concept of ‘rupture and repair.’ There will be rupture, so what are you willing to do to repair?” Once you’ve pinpointed the behaviors that need to be worked on, and if you think your parents will be open enough to hearing you, you can try having an honest dialogue about the way you’ve been hurt. Page says family therapy can be a really helpful tool in this case. If family therapy doesn’t seem like a real possibility, individual therapy (such as cognitive and/or dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, or brain spotting) can also be useful. In fact, it may even be beneficial to see a family therapist and a one-on-one therapist, if possible. And because emotional abuse can wind up bleeding into our other relationships, Page explains, it’s also so necessary to find friends who you feel genuinely supported by and safe with. “People who don’t replicate that kind of abuse to you are so important because if this is being replicated, you won’t be able to heal it,” he notes. If you do all these things and feel like the dynamic in your family isn’t changing, from there, it may be time to put some boundaries up. As licensed psychotherapist Babita Spinelli, L.P., previously told mbg, “Really think about the ways you can set boundaries and give yourself permission,” adding that if you want to skip a family gathering, keep your distance, and/or stand up for yourself, you have every right to do so.
